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In a classful system, IP addresses can be
grouped in to one of five different classes: A, B, C, D, and E. Each of
the four octets of an IP address represents either the network portion or
the host portion of the address, depending on the address's class.
Only the first three classes (A, B, and C)
are used for addressing actual hosts on IP networks. Class D addresses are
used for multicasting, and Class E addresses are reserved for
experimentation and are not shown in the figure. The following sections
explore each of the five classes of addresses.
Class A Addresses
If the first bit of the first octet of an IP address is a binary 0, then
the address is a Class A address. With that first bit a 0, the lowest
number that can be represented is 00000000 (decimal 0), and the highest
number that can be represented is 01111111 (decimal 127). Any address that
starts with a value between 0 and 127 in the first octet is a Class A
address. These two numbers, 0 and 127, are reserved and can not be used as a
network address.
Class A addresses were intended to
accommodate very large networks, so only the first octet is used to
represent the network number, which leaves three octets (or 24 bits) to
represent the host portion of the address. With 24 bits total, 224
combinations are possible, yielding 16,777,216 possible addresses. Two of
those possibilities, the lowest and highest values (24 zeros and 24 ones),
are reserved for special purposes, so each Class A address can support up
to 16,777,214 unique host addresses.
Why are two host addresses reserved for
special purposes? Every network requires a network number, an ID number
that is used to refer to the entire range of hosts when building routing
tables. The address that contains all 0s in the host portion is used as
the network number and cannot be used to address an individual node.
46.0.0.0 is a class A network number. Similarly, every network requires a
broadcast address that can be used to address a message to every host on a
network. It is created when you have all 1s in the host portion of the
address.
With almost 17 million host addresses
available, a Class A network actually provides too many possibilities for
one company or campus. Although you can imagine an enormous global network
with that many nodes, the hosts in such a network could not function as
members of the same logical group. Administrators require much smaller
logical groupings to control broadcasts, apply policies, and troubleshoot
problems. Fortunately, the subnet mask allows you to subnet, which means to
break a large block of addresses into smaller groups called subnetworks.
All Class A networks are subnetted. If they were not, Class A networks
would represent huge waste and inefficiency!
How many Class A addresses are there? If
only the first octet is used as network number, and it contains a value
between 0 and 127, then 126 Class A networks exist. There are only 126 Class A addresses, each
with almost 17 million possible hosts addresses which makes up about half
of the entire IPv4 address space! Under this system, a mere handful of
organizations control half of the Internet's addresses.
Class B Addresses
Class B addresses start with a binary 10 in the first 2 bits of the first
octet. Therefore, the lowest number that can be represented with a Class B
address is 10000000 (decimal 128), and the highest number that can be
represented is 10111111 (decimal 191). Any address that starts with a
value in the range of 128 to 191 in the first octet is a Class B address.
Class B addresses were intended to
accommodate medium-size networks, so the first two octets are used to
represent the network number, which leaves two octets (or 16 bits) to
represent the host portion of the address. With 16 bits total, 216
combinations are possible, yielding 65,536 Class B addresses. Recall that
two of those numbers, the lowest and highest values, are reserved for
special purposes, so each Class B address can support up to 65,534 hosts.
Though significantly smaller than the networks created by Class A
addresses, a logical group of more than 65,000 hosts is still unmanageable
and impractical. Therefore, like Class A networks, Class B addresses are
subnetted to improve efficiency.
There are 16,384 Class B networks. The
first octet of a Class B address offers 64 possibilities (128 to 191), and
the second octet has 256 (0 to 255). That yields 16,384 (64 * 256)
addresses, or 25 percent of the total IP space. Nevertheless, given the popularity
and importance of the Internet, these addresses have run out quickly,
which essentially leaves only Class C addresses available for new growth.
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